Cities that were once, or are located on the site of, a Roman or Byzantine capital
Florence
Avignon
Alexandria
İzmit
Tripoli
Antalya
Milan
Nicosia
Izmir
Rome
Ravenna
Sofia
Damascus
Turin
Istanbul
Byblos
YES
NO
Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire for the greatest amount of time, and the same can be said for Constantinople (Istanbul) as the capital of the Eastern Roman (and Byzantine) Empire. Mediolanum, which used to exist on the spot where Milan stands today, was the capital of the Western Roman Empire between 286 and 402, while Ravenna was the capital from 402 to 476. Nicomedia, which stood on the same spot as modern İzmit, was the eastern capital of the Roman Empire from 286 to 330.
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Cities that were national capitals in South America in 1830
La Paz
Georgetown
Manaus
Asunción
Montevideo
Santiago
Sao Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Bogotá
Paramaribo
Belo Horizonte
Quito
Lima
Cayenne
Buenos Aires
Caracas
YES
NO
Bogotá was the capital of Gran Colombia, Buenos Aires was the capital of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and Rio was the capital of the Empire of Brazil. Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Uruguay existed in 1830, and had the same capitals that they have today.
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Cities that were founded after 1800
Nur-Sultan
Ashgabat
Sydney
Mogadishu
Recife
Bonn
Nairobi
Cape Town
Vladivostok
Budapest
Tirana
Islamabad
St. Louis
Haifa
Brasília
Busan
YES
NO
Nur-sultan was founded first, as Akmoly in 1830. Vladivostok was founded in 1860, followed by Budapest, which formed in 1873 from the unification of Buda, Pest and Óbuda. Next was Ashgabat, which was founded in 1881. Nairobi was founded in 1899. Brasília was build in the 1950s and completed in 1960, while construction of Islamabad began during that same year. Essential development work for the city was completed in 1966.