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A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies; it emphasized reason and the scientific method; writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion; many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God
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Enlightenment
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An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th to 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects
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Social Contract
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Rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law"; often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke
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Natural Rights
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A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
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Deism
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A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property; this ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes
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Liberalism
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The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
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Empiricism
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A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; it further aims to build and maintain a single national identity -- based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics, and belief in a shared singular history -- and to promote national unity or solidarity
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Nationalism
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The belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment
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Feminism
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English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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The right to vote in political elections
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Suffrage
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Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; helped create a workforce for the industrialization of Russia and the creation of factories
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End of Serfdom
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1776 statement issued by the Second Continental Congress in the British colonies; explained why the colonies wanted independence from Britain, primarily borrowing ideas from Enlightenment philosophes like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Declaration of Independence
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Adopted in late 1789, it was a statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
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A document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views of three independence movements in South America and connected the actions of revolutionaries to the beliefs of the Enlightenment
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Jamaica Letter
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Took place during the later stages of the French Revolution; thousands were executed for "disloyalty" for betraying the ideas of the Revolution; led by Maximilian Robespierre who tried the rebels and had them executed often by guillotine
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Reign of Terror (1793 - 1794)
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The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia
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Simon Bolivar
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Was an important leader in the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again over the institution of slavery, he led the Black forces to victory over the colonial forces and allies and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Practical politics; the ends justified the means, power is more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany
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Realpolitik
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Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 to 1871, when he became the Chancellor of Germany; a conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871
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Otto von Bismarck
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A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England around 1750
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Industrial Revolution
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Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory; commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued, but fell out of favor with the growth of the factory system when merchants could better control production
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Cottage industry
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A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry; workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers
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Factory system
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Created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth
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Seed drill
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This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production by speeding up the creation of textiles; conceived around 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver
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Spinning jenny
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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the Second Agricultural Revolution and lead to an increased crop yields and a growing population
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Crop rotation
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Consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England around 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities
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Enclosure Movement
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A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion; Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712; James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s; it was then applied to transportation methods which increased transportation distance and decreased transportation costs
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Steam engine
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(1871-1914) Involved development of steel, electrical, chemical, and oil industries (SECO); mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing; it saw the popularization of cinema and radio; provided widespread employment and increased production.
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Second Industrial Revolution
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A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire; it was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s
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Telegraph
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Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century; he ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions; his descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952
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Muhammad Ali
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In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure
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Meiji Restoration
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Scottish economist who wrote 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics
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Adam Smith
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British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics
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Wealth of Nations
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