Thanks, If there were not Alps, I believe Muslims could conquer the entire Europe. There were two main battles that were considered turning point of Muslims. One was Battle of Tours and the another one was Attack on Vienna. The both marked the end of glorius period of Islam because after the battle of Tours, Christians started attacks and finally invaded Iberia by killing thousands of muslims and forcing them to covert to Christianity. And after Attack on Vienna, Ottomans failed to reconquer the Central Europe and thus, The golden Period of Islam disappeared
Yes. During the Middle Ages, the Islamic powers were well ahead of the Europeans in Art, Economic and Military Strategies. If they managed to conquer just a little bit further into central Europe, I believe that they could have had much more influence there and might have also kept control of it until maybe the late 20th century because the reason why they gradually lost power and influence in Europe was because of the growing Central and Northern European countries they failed to conquer.
Istria and Kvarner were never invaded, let alone controlled, by any Islamic empire, even if you count the Mongol empire in its early days as such.
And I'm just talking about the territories I'm 100 % certain about. I'm sure there are other parts of Croatia (and Slovenia) that could be excluded as well.
Either way, it should probably be included on here. The island of Lundy was also briefly occupied by Muslim Barbary Pirates from the Republic of Salé between 1627 and 1632.
Edit: Moldova is an answer twice.
Btw iceland once was ottoman as well
A brief Barbary pirate raid, the Turkish Abductions of 1627, shouldn't really count as Muslim rule in Iceland in my opinion.
Also nice thumbnail!
And I'm just talking about the territories I'm 100 % certain about. I'm sure there are other parts of Croatia (and Slovenia) that could be excluded as well.
Can't really speak for other countries, though.