Edexcel History 4. The Unification of Germany I

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Answer

A set of fundamental rights of the German citizen by the Frankfurt Parliament which were approved and became law in December 1848, including an end to class discrimination, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, equality before the law, etc.

An 1849 proposal by Austrian Minister President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to establish a customs union between Austria and the Zollverein which - like his later 1851 proposal for a customs union of German states then outside the Zollverein - failed to materialise

That Prussian electoral system which caused much over-representation of middle class liberals within the electorate and in the legislature

The two consecutive years in which the radical liberal Progressive Party gained successively large majorities in the Prussian lower house against a background of constitutional crisis caused by von Roon's Army Reform Bill

Those two regions of the Austrian Empire in which armed rebellion was centred during the 1848 revolutions

A leading Austrian diplomat, Foreign Minister from 1809 until 1848 and Minister President from 1821 until 1848, known for his abject conservatism, and the political system he led the way in formulating in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

That incarnation of a German state otherwise known as the Third Reich

The emperor of Austria who issued two manifestos in May and June 1848 which would have transformed the country's Imperial Diet into a directly elected Constituent Assembly

That which could best describe the situation from 1846 to 1847 caused by disastrous corn harvests and severe potato blight - part of the wider hungry forties

Those two states that together had formed a customs union in southern Germany, in alphabetical order

Question or Term

Answer

The constitution by the Frankfurt Parliament that many German states felt comfortable rejecting after Frederick William IV's rejection of the position of German Emperor by the said Parliament discredited the liberals

The King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861, who was famously unstable, his policy fluctuating widely (relaxing then re-imposing censorship, summoning then dissolving the united diet, &c.) though in part to try and balance the competing demands of liberals and Junkers

That which was denied to most of the Austrian population under the newly drafted constitution of April 1848, causing protesters to reject it

That body, much weakened due to internal divisions, a lack of legitimacy or international recognition (i.e. France and Russia), being without financial powers or a national army - Prussia being the only state able to fill such a role, Austria and Bavaria having refused - and a lack of popular support or confidence, being in opposition to the industrial code

A constitution proclaimed by King Frederick William IV in December 1848 after dissolving the Prussian National Assembly that appeased many liberal demands, established a bicameral legislature, but preserved the powers of the king to appoint and dismiss ministers and alter the constitution unilaterally

An 1859 war in which France and Sardinia defeated Austria in no small part due to a prolonged lack of military investment and reform, the latter losing much of its Italian territory

A series of food riots in Berlin in 1847

That form of nationalism that the Napoleonic Wars served to inflame more than German nationalism in Prussia?

That Grand Duchy which experienced significant unrest in February 1848, with peasants attacking aristocratic property, and citizens forming an assembly demanding liberal reforms (largely granted) and a bill of rights, sparking a chain reaction of similar events in other German states

An Austrian agreement with the Catholic Church which gave the latter much greater state influence, alienating Protestants and secularists alike