Hint
|
Answer
|
In the lungs: air goes in through the ___
|
Trachea
|
This splits into two ___
|
Bronchi
|
These split into progressively smaller tubes: ___
|
Bronchioles
|
End in air sacs called ___ where gas exchange occurs
|
Alveoli
|
In leaves: ___ tissue covers the leaf's surface and protects it.
|
Epidermal
|
Often secretes a substance that covers the surface of the leaf (___ ___)
|
Waxy cuticle
|
___ mesophyll contains lots of chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis
|
Palisade
|
___ mesophyll contains big air spaces and has a large surface area to make diffusion of gases easier
|
Spongy
|
Diseases caused by pathogens and transmitted form person to person.
|
Communicable
|
Cannot be transmitted.
|
Non communicable
|
Pathogens that produce toxins that affect the body and make you feel ill
|
Bacteria
|
Pathogens that take over body cells and reproduce inside them, damaging/destroying them
|
Viruses
|
RP Culturing bacteria: Sterilise ___ dishes and nutrient agar.
|
Petri
|
Heat ___ ___ till red hot in a Bunsen burner (leave this on (leave this on throughout experiment to create a convection current that carries airborne pathogens away.)
|
Inoculating loop
|
Make ___ streaks of bacteria on the agar using the loop.
|
Zigzag
|
Fix the lid with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air ___ the culture, or microorganisms from the culture escaping.
|
Contaminating
|
Don't seal all the way around, as oxygen still needs to get in to prevent ___ bacteria growth
|
Anaerobic
|
Label dish and store ___ ___ to prevent condensation falling on the agar surface
|
Upside down
|
___ for a few days so microorganisms can grow.
|
Incubate
|
Disinfectant safe to use on human skin
|
Antiseptic
|
Chemicals used inside bodies to kill bacteria
|
Antibiotics
|
To investigate ___ of disinfectants and antibiotics, add soaked circles of filter paper to the culture plate.
|
Effectiveness
|
___ ___ ___ around them show where bacteria could not grow.
|
Zones of inhibition
|
The isolation of someone with an infectious disease to reduce the chance of the pathogen being passed on
|
Quarantine
|
An organism that transmits a pathogen from one organism to another
|
Vector
|
Causes fever, red skin rash, blindness, brain damage, death.
|
Measles
|
Spread by ___ in air. There is no treatment, but there is a vaccine.
|
Droplets
|
HIV/AIDS: starts with a mild, ___-like illness. Attacks immune cells.
|
Flu
|
Hides inside immune system for years after initial symptoms, until the system is so badly ___ it can no longer deal with infections or certain cancers - AIDS
|
Damaged
|
Can be slowed with ___ drugs
|
Antiretroviral
|
Spread by exchange of ___ ___ like sperm and blood, no cure/vaccine
|
Bodily fluids
|
Plant pathogen that causes distinctive mosaic discolouration on leaves as the virus destroys cells
|
Tobacco mosaic virus
|
Affects growth as affected areas don't ___
|
Photosynthesise
|
Spread by ___ ___ between diseased and healthy plant material
|
Direct contact
|
Good ___ ___ and pest control can help prevent spread
|
Field hygiene
|
Disease that disrupts balance of natural gut bacteria, causing fever, cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea
|
Salmonella
|
In the UK, ___ are vaccinated against it
|
Poultry
|
To prevent food poisoning, keep ___ chicken away from cooked food, avoid washing uncooked chicken, wash hands and surfaces well after handling, cook throughly.
|
Raw
|
STD that causes thick yellow or green discharge and pain on urination
|
Gonorrhoea
|
If untreated, it causes pelvic pain, infertility, and ___ pregnancy
|
Ectopic
|
Treated with antibiotics but is becoming ___ so harder to treat
|
Resistant
|
Bacterium that causes crown galls - mass of unspecialised cells that often grow at the join between root and shoot
|
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
|
Bacteria inserts ___ into plant cells and causes a mass of new, undifferentiated, genetically modified cells to grow
|
Plasmids
|
Fungal plant disease that causes purple/black spots to develop on leaves, often causing them to turn yellow and drop early
|
Rose black spots
|
Spread by ___ carried by the wind. Can be reduced by removing and burning affected leaves and stems
|
Spores
|
Disease caused by protists
|
Malaria
|
Reproduce sexually in the female ___ mosquito and asexually in the human
|
Anopheles
|
The female mosquito needs ___ meals of human blood before laying her eggs, so protists are passed into the blood stream
|
2
|
Affects the liver and damages ___ ___ cells. Causes fever and shaking when the protists burst out of these cells
|
Red blood
|
To prevent, use ___ impregnated mosquito nets, and prevent mosquito breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae
|
Insecticide
|
Organ that covers body and acts as barrier, and produces antimicrobial secretions. Also covered with microorganisms that keep you healthy and act as an extra barrier against pathogens
|
Skin
|
___ seal cuts, preventing pathogens entering the body.
|
Platelets
|
___ is full of hair and produces mucus which traps particles which may contain pathogens or irritate lungs
|
Nose
|
The ___ and bronchi also secrete mucus.
|
Trachea
|
The lining of these is covered in ___ which beat to waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it's swallowed
|
Cilia
|
Stomach produces ___ which destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow and most of the ones you ingest
|
Acid
|
___ ingest the pathogens through phagocytosis and destroy them so they don't make you ill
|
Phagocytes
|
___ are specific for each type of pathogen, and bind the pathogens together and mark them for destruction
|
Antibodies
|
When your white blood cells have produced these once, they can be made very quickly if you encounter the same pathogen again - ___ cells.
|
Memory
|
Counteract toxins released by pathogens
|
Antitoxins
|
___ have sharp mouthparts that penetrate the phloem so they can feed on the sugar-rich sap of plants
|
Aphids
|
Attack in large numbers, depriving the plant cells of products of ___ and weakening the plant. Can also act as vectors
|
Photosynthesis
|
Can be destroyed with chemical ___ or by releasing aphid-eating insects like ladybirds
|
Pesticides
|
Pests such as ___ ___ and insect larvae live in the soil and feed on plant roots so they can't absorb water and mineral ions effectively
|
Nemotode worms
|
___ ions are needed to covert sugars made in photosynthesis into proteins
|
Nitrate
|
A deficiency in these will cause ___ growth and a crop won't be properly produced
|
Stunted
|
___ ions are used to make chlorophyll
|
Magnesium
|
Deficiency will cause leaves to turn yellow (___) and slower growth
|
Chlorosis
|
Cellulose ___ ___ that strengthen cells also help resist invasion by pathogens.
|
Cell walls
|
The ___ ___ on a leaf's surface acts as a barrier
|
Waxy cuticle
|
Bark on trees and a layer of dead cells on the outside of steams = a protective layer that is hard for pathogens to ___. When dead cells are shed, pathogens fall off with them
|
Penetrate
|
___ trees lose leaves in autumn, causing pathogens that affect leaves to fall off too
|
Deciduous
|
Many plants produce ___ chemicals that protect against pathogens
|
Antibacterial
|
These are often used in making medicines - mint and ___-hazel are mild antiseptics
|
Witch
|
Defences against herbivores: poisons, thorns, hairy stems/leaves to prevent eggs being ___ there
|
Laid
|
Drooping or curling when ___ to dislodge insects/frighten larger animals.
|
Touched
|
Mimicry: imitating healthy plants or mimicking ___ eggs on their surface so real ones don't get laid there
|
Butterfly
|
Introducing dead/inactive pathogen to body to stimulate immune response
|
Vaccination
|
When a large population of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is very much reduced and can even disappear.
|
Herd immunity
|
Drugs that treat symptoms, but do not cure disease.
|
Painkillers
|
Drugs that work inside the body to kill bacterial cells without harming your own cells.
|
Antibiotics
|
Digitalis and digoxin from foxgloves combat ___ problems
|
Heart
|
___ originates from a compound found in willow bark
|
Aspirin
|
___ ___ discovered the first antibiotic after a spore from the Penicillium mould contaminated one of his cultures
|
Alexander Fleming
|
___ fruit is used in Costa Rican medicine and may have antibacterial properties
|
Noni
|
___ samples are being searched for helpful microorganisms
|
Soil
|
What does TED stand for? (___, ___, ___)
|
Toxicity, Efficacy, Dose
|
Trials where a lot of possible new drugs are made and tested in laboratory to see if they're toxic or effective. Then tested on animals
|
Preclinical
|
Trials of low doses on healthy people to check for side effects, then on patients to find the optimum dose and see if it's effective
|
Clinical
|
Trial with two groups. One is given the drug, one is given a placebo. Ensures that the medicine is actually effective.
|
Double blind
|
White blood cells known as ___ make antibodies but don't divide
|
Lymphocytes
|
___ cells divide but usually can't make antibodies
|
Tumour
|
Scientists combine the two of these to make a ___
|
Hybridoma
|
This divides to make cells that all produce the same ___, which are collected and purified
|
Antibody
|
Can be used in ___ tests binding to HCG
|
Pregnancy
|
Can bind to specific antigens found on pathogens or cancer cells to assist with ___ diseases
|
Diagnosing
|
Can measure levels of ___ in the blood, eg. in screening for HIV or illegal drug use
|
Hormones
|
Can trigger immune system to recognise, attack, and destroy ___ cells
|
Cancer
|
Can block ___ on the surface of cells to stop them growing and dividing
|
Receptors
|
Don't damage ___ cells and are specific so could treat a wide range of conditions
|
Healthy
|
Not as widely used as initially hoped. Create a lot of side effects, in part due to use of ___ cells for the lymphocyte
|
Mouse
|
Something in your life that makes you more susceptible to a disease/diseases
|
Risk factor
|
Explains how on factor influences one another through a biological process
|
Causal mechanism
|
Tumour cells do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control the ___ ___, dividing rapidly and not dying when necessary
|
Cell cycle
|
Tumours contained in one place, usually within a membrane
|
Benign
|
Cannot ___ other parts of the body but grow large quickly
|
Invade
|
Might be dangerous if ___ is caused on an organ (eg, on the brain)
|
Pressure
|
Tumours that can spread around the body, invading healthy tissues (cancers)
|
Malignant
|
Splitting up of original tumour, releasing small clumps of cells into the bloodstream/lymphatic system, which circulate and may lodge in another organ
|
Metastasis
|
Therapy where cancer cells destroyed by targeted radiation doses
|
Radiotherapy
|
Chemical therapy used to either stop the cancer cells dividing or make them self destruct
|
Chemotherapy
|
___ is the addictive chemical that is why people enjoy smoking
|
Nicotine
|
___ ___ is poisonous and takes up some of the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
|
Carbon monoxide
|
In pregnancy, this might lead to stillbirths, low ___ and premature babies (as the foetus may not grow properly)
|
Birthweight
|
The cilia are ___ during smoking, allowing dirt and pathogens to move into the lungs
|
Anaesthetised
|
This turns them from pink to grey and makes smokers more prone to ___
|
Bronchitis
|
Can lead to breakdown in ___ structure, causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
Alveoli
|
Nicotine makes heart rate increase while other chemicals damage artery lining, increasing risk of ___ ___ ___
|
Coronary heart disease
|
When drinking, ___ is absorbed into blood from gut and passes into tissues
|
Ethanol
|
Makes thought processes, reflexes and reactions ___ than normal. Can lead to unconsciousness/death
|
Slower
|
May cause ___ of the liver, where active liver cells are replaced with scar tissue that can't carry out vital functions
|
Cirrhosis
|
Causes brain damage, making it so soft and pulpy that structures are lost and it can no longer ___ properly
|
Function
|
Alcohol passes across the ___ into the baby, affecting development of brain and body (Foetal Alcohol Syndrome)
|
Placenta
|
___ ___ penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing DNA mutations that might cause cancer
|
Ionising radiation
|
Particularly dangerous when ___ or breathed in as it can penetrate cells directly
|
Ingested
|
The endothermic reaction where carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen
|
Photosynthesis
|
Leaves are broad for a big surface area for ___ to fall on
|
Light
|
Thin for short ___ distances
|
Diffusion
|
Chlorophyll in the ___ absorb light
|
Chloroplasts
|
Water is brought to the leaf through the ___ and products are removed in the phloem
|
Xylem
|
___ ___ allow carbon dioxide to get to cells and oxygen to leave
|
Air spaces
|
___ ___ open and close stomata to regulate gas exchange
|
Guard cells
|
___ are aquatic so are adapted to photosynthesising in water.
|
Algae
|
They absorb ___ ___ dissolved in the water around them. Also dissolves oxygen produced
|
Carbon dioxide
|
When one or more of the conditions a plant needs to photosynthesise is in short supply and limits the amount of photosynthesis a plant can manage
|
Limiting factor
|
Brighter light means a faster ___ of photosynthesis. If there's no light, it cannot happen
|
Rate
|
As temperature rises, rate increases. But reaction is controlled by ___ which are denatured around 40-50C. If temp is too high, therefore, rate falls.
|
Enzymes
|
Increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration will increase the rate. Usually around ___%
|
0.04
|
CO2 concentrations rise in the ___ because they respire but don't photosynthesise (due to lack of light) and it's then used up in the morning
|
Night
|
Light Intensity RP: Set up boiling tube containing 45cm^3 of ___ ___ ___ solution
|
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
|
Allow to stand for a few minutes, then shake to ___ air bubbles
|
Disperse
|
Cut the top of a piece of pondweed ___
|
Diagonally
|
Place in boiling tube using forceps, cut side facing ___
|
Up
|
Position the tube so the pondweed is ___cm from the light source
|
10
|
Allow to stand for ___ minutes
|
5
|
Count the number of ___ emerging from the cut end of the stem in one minute
|
Bubbles
|
Repeat the count 5 times and take the ___
|
Mean
|
Repeat at different distances from the light source. Light intensity should be ___ proportional to the square of the distance
|
Inversely
|
Some glucose is used in respiration. Some is built into complex ___ such as cellulose
|
Carbohydrates
|
Stored as starch: glucose is water soluble so could affect ___ but starch isn't and therefore doesn't affect the water balance of the plant
|
Osmosis
|
Also used to make ___ ___, combining sugars with nitrate ions from the soil. These are then built up into proteins
|
Amino acids
|
Some used to build up fats and oils, often as an energy store in ___ to provide reactants for the new plant to respire as it germinates
|
Seeds
|
___ plants have adapted to live in nitrate-poor soil by obtaining nutrients from insects they catch
|
Carnivorous
|
You can use a greenhouse to provide a warm atmosphere. ___ greenhouses also control light levels and carbon dioxide concentration
|
Commercial
|
Growing plants in water instead of soil with the perfect nutrient balance instead of soil to make sure nothing slows down growth
|
Hydroponics
|
The exothermic reaction used to transfer useful energy
|
Respiration
|
The energy released by respiration is used by ___ to synthesise new molecules in the cell
|
Enzymes
|
___ respiration: glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
|
Aerobic
|
___ respiration: glucose -> lactic acid (not enough oxygen for the flucose to fully oxidise)
|
Anaerobic
|
(Above) respiration in yeast cells: glucose -> ___ + carbon dioxide
|
Ethanol
|
This reaction is called:
|
Fermentation
|
During exercise, the body needs lots of energy for muscle ___
|
Contraction
|
The body increases aerobic respiration so increases the ___ rate and volume
|
Breathing
|
The heart rate also increases to pump more ___ blood around the body
|
Oxygenated
|
Sometimes the body cannot get enough oxygen so the glucose is instead converted to ___ ___
|
Lactic acid
|
This builds up over long periods of vigorous activity and causes muscle ___, stopping the muscles from contracting efficiently
|
Fatigue
|
The body must remove the lactic acid from the muscles, creating ___ ___
|
Oxygen debt
|
This is the amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to break down to remove the ___ lactic acid
|
Accummulated
|
The lactic acid is transported by the blood to the liver and converted back to ___ by a series of chemical reactions
|
Glucose
|
Reacting with the accumulated lactic acid and removing it from the cells requires ___
|
Oxygen
|
The sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell or the body
|
Metabolism
|
In plants: ___ is converted into cellulose, starch, or reacted with nitrate ions to make amino acids
|
Glucose
|
In humans: it is converted to ___ which is a storage form of glucose
|
Glycogen
|
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> ___ (found in the cell membrane)
|
Lipid
|
Excess proteins are broken down into the chemical ___
|
Urea
|
This is then excreted by the ___
|
Kidneys
|